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<!-- DFIN New ActiveDisclosure (SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date :2023-11-06T16:08:22.5048+00:00 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2023 Donnelly Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:element id="axsm_LicenseAgreementsDisclosureTextBlock" name="LicenseAgreementsDisclosureTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheThreeSubTranchesToOneTrancheMember" name="TrancheThreeSubTranchesToOneTrancheMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_Axs05Member" name="Axs05Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_UnderwrittenPublicOfferingMember" name="UnderwrittenPublicOfferingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfLicenseAgreements" name="NumberOfLicenseAgreements" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LossOnMeasurementOfWarrantLiability" name="LossOnMeasurementOfWarrantLiability" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AuvelityMember" name="AuvelityMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashToBeMaintainedAsSecurityWithMarketCapitalizationCovenantPercent" name="LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashToBeMaintainedAsSecurityWithMarketCapitalizationCovenantPercent" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringPriorToFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFourMember" name="DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringPriorToFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFourMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrent" name="AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_WarrantsIssuedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" name="WarrantsIssuedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheTwoSubTrancheOneMember" name="TrancheTwoSubTrancheOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCash" name="LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCash" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_UpfrontPaymentReceived" name="UpfrontPaymentReceived" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentAccretedFinalPaymentFee" name="DebtInstrumentAccretedFinalPaymentFee" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TradeReceivables" name="TradeReceivables" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ChangeInOperatingLeaseLiability" name="ChangeInOperatingLeaseLiability" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ScheduleOfInterestAndAmortizationExpenseForFinalPaymentFeeAndDebtDiscountTableTextBlock" name="ScheduleOfInterestAndAmortizationExpenseForFinalPaymentFeeAndDebtDiscountTableTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_OutstandingAdvancesUnderLoanAgreementEqualsOrExceedsSixtyFiveMillionMember" name="OutstandingAdvancesUnderLoanAgreementEqualsOrExceedsSixtyFiveMillionMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheTwoSubTrancheThreeMember" name="TrancheTwoSubTrancheThreeMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SignificantRisksAndUncertaintiesPolicyPolicyTextBlock" name="SignificantRisksAndUncertaintiesPolicyPolicyTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_UnderwritingDiscountsAndCommissions" name="UnderwritingDiscountsAndCommissions" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_PharmanoviaMember" name="PharmanoviaMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfCustomers" name="NumberOfCustomers" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_BusinessCombinationStepUpInventoryFairValue" name="BusinessCombinationStepUpInventoryFairValue" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ProbabilityOfOccurrencePeriodicForEachMilestoneMember" name="ProbabilityOfOccurrencePeriodicForEachMilestoneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_MarkColemanOneMember" name="MarkColemanOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheOneSubTrancheOneMember" name="TrancheOneSubTrancheOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheOneSubTrancheFourMember" name="TrancheOneSubTrancheFourMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_BusinessCombinationConsiderationFairValueOfContingentConsideration" name="BusinessCombinationConsiderationFairValueOfContingentConsideration" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FairValueOfWarrants" name="FairValueOfWarrants" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SubleaseAgreementTerm" name="SubleaseAgreementTerm" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LicenseAgreementTerm" name="LicenseAgreementTerm" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_Axs04Member" name="Axs04Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheThreeSubTrancheOneMember" name="TrancheThreeSubTrancheOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringPriorToFirstAnniversaryOfClosingDateMember" name="DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringPriorToFirstAnniversaryOfClosingDateMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TwoThousandNineteenShelfRegistrationMember" name="TwoThousandNineteenShelfRegistrationMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheOneSubTrancheThreeMember" name="TrancheOneSubTrancheThreeMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_PaymentOfContingentConsideration" name="PaymentOfContingentConsideration" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentsMaturityMonthAndYear" name="DebtInstrumentsMaturityMonthAndYear" type="xbrli:gYearMonthItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_CommonStockSalesAgreementCommissionPercentage" name="CommonStockSalesAgreementCommissionPercentage" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfNotYetApprovedProductCandidates" name="NumberOfNotYetApprovedProductCandidates" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LeerinkMember" name="LeerinkMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentFinalPaymentFeeThresholdPercentageOfDebtOutstanding" name="DebtInstrumentFinalPaymentFeeThresholdPercentageOfDebtOutstanding" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentAccretedLiabilityOfFinalPaymentFee" name="DebtInstrumentAccretedLiabilityOfFinalPaymentFee" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TermLoan2020Member" name="TermLoan2020Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LicenseAgreementRoyaltyDueMaximumReductionPercentageAsResultOfRequiredPaymentsToThirdParties" name="LicenseAgreementRoyaltyDueMaximumReductionPercentageAsResultOfRequiredPaymentsToThirdParties" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_GoodwillAbstract" name="GoodwillAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SvbSecuritiesLimitedLiabilityCompanyMember" name="SvbSecuritiesLimitedLiabilityCompanyMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfLateStageProductCandidates" name="NumberOfLateStageProductCandidates" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ChangeInFairValueOfContingentConsiderations" name="ChangeInFairValueOfContingentConsiderations" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AugustTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" name="AugustTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FairValueOfContingentConsiderationInABusinessCombination" name="FairValueOfContingentConsiderationInABusinessCombination" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheOneMember" name="TrancheOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FairValueMeasurementWithUnobservableInputsReconciliationsRecurringBasisLiabilityInitialEstimate" name="FairValueMeasurementWithUnobservableInputsReconciliationsRecurringBasisLiabilityInitialEstimate" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFour" name="LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFour" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SunosiMember" name="SunosiMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AccountingPoliciesTable" name="AccountingPoliciesTable" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:hypercubeItem" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_WarrantsIssuedInPeriod" name="WarrantsIssuedInPeriod" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TermLoan2020TrancheOneMember" name="TermLoan2020TrancheOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LicenseAgreementsPolicyTextBlock" name="LicenseAgreementsPolicyTextBlock" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ProductSalesMember" name="ProductSalesMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ReservesForVariableConsideration" name="ReservesForVariableConsideration" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsAmortizationExpenseAfterYearFour" name="FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsAmortizationExpenseAfterYearFour" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_RevenueMilestones" name="RevenueMilestones" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_MarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" name="MarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashToBeMaintainedAsSecurityPercent" name="LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashToBeMaintainedAsSecurityPercent" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheOneSubTrancheTwoMember" name="TrancheOneSubTrancheTwoMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_StockVestedDuringPeriodSharesRestrictedCommonStockAward" name="StockVestedDuringPeriodSharesRestrictedCommonStockAward" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_RoyaltyAgreementsAbstract" name="RoyaltyAgreementsAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_MarkColemanTwoMember" name="MarkColemanTwoMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_EquityInstrumentVotingRightsPerShare" name="EquityInstrumentVotingRightsPerShare" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfAsianMarkets" name="NumberOfAsianMarkets" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SharePriceFairValue" name="SharePriceFairValue" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtDifferentFromRemainingDrawnCovenantMinimumCashFlowPercentage" name="LongTermDebtDifferentFromRemainingDrawnCovenantMinimumCashFlowPercentage" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringOnOrAfterFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFourButPriorToFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFiveMember" name="DebtInstrumentPrepaymentOccurringOnOrAfterFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFourButPriorToFebruaryOneTwoThousandTwentyFiveMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_MarkJacobsonMember" name="MarkJacobsonMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_HerculesCapitalIncMember" name="HerculesCapitalIncMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FourthAmendmentToLoanAndSecurityAgreementMember" name="FourthAmendmentToLoanAndSecurityAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_PriorPeriodAdjustmentsForProductSalesResultingFromChangesInEstimates" name="PriorPeriodAdjustmentsForProductSalesResultingFromChangesInEstimates" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_PercentageOfFacilityFeeToBePaid" name="PercentageOfFacilityFeeToBePaid" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ConsecutiveTradingDays" name="ConsecutiveTradingDays" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityLineItems" name="ContractWithCustomerLiabilityLineItems" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_BusinessCombinationPurchasePriceAllocatedToGoodwillDeductibleInNumberOfYears" name="BusinessCombinationPurchasePriceAllocatedToGoodwillDeductibleInNumberOfYears" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AccountingPoliciesLineItems" name="AccountingPoliciesLineItems" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TwoThousandFifteenEquityCompensationPlanMember" name="TwoThousandFifteenEquityCompensationPlanMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_OperatingLeaseExpirationMonthAndYear" name="OperatingLeaseExpirationMonthAndYear" type="xbrli:gYearMonthItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" name="IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesFinancing" name="StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesFinancing" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_OutstandingAdvancesUnderLoanAgreementEqualsOrExceedsFiftyFiveMillionMember" name="OutstandingAdvancesUnderLoanAgreementEqualsOrExceedsFiftyFiveMillionMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_BusinessCombinationNonOperatingAssetsNetOfLiabilities" name="BusinessCombinationNonOperatingAssetsNetOfLiabilities" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_Axs02Member" name="Axs02Member" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DevelopmentMilestones" name="DevelopmentMilestones" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TermLoanAdvancesMember" name="TermLoanAdvancesMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DebtInstrumentPrepaymentPenaltyPercentage" name="DebtInstrumentPrepaymentPenaltyPercentage" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_CommonStockSalesAgreementAuthorizedAmount" name="CommonStockSalesAgreementAuthorizedAmount" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_JazzPharmaceuticalsPlcMember" name="JazzPharmaceuticalsPlcMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DiscountRateIncreasesOrDecreasesByOnePercentageMember" name="DiscountRateIncreasesOrDecreasesByOnePercentageMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LicenseAgreementRoyaltyDuePercentageOfNetSales" name="LicenseAgreementRoyaltyDuePercentageOfNetSales" type="dtr-types:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashAsSecurityInterest" name="LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumCashAsSecurityInterest" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheTwoSubTranchesToOneTrancheMember" name="TrancheTwoSubTranchesToOneTrancheMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DecemberTwoThousandNineteenMarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoAndAugustTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" name="DecemberTwoThousandNineteenMarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoAndAugustTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TermLoanTwoThousandAndTwentyThreeWarrantsMember" name="TermLoanTwoThousandAndTwentyThreeWarrantsMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_CollaborationArrangementFuturePotentialPayments" name="CollaborationArrangementFuturePotentialPayments" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_DecemberTwoThousandNineteenAndMarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" name="DecemberTwoThousandNineteenAndMarchTwoThousandTwentyTwoSalesAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_TrancheTwoSubTrancheTwoMember" name="TrancheTwoSubTrancheTwoMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_AccruedSellingGeneralAndAdministrativeCurrent" name="AccruedSellingGeneralAndAdministrativeCurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_WarrantsExercisedInPeriod" name="WarrantsExercisedInPeriod" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_IntangibleAssetsAbstract" name="IntangibleAssetsAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ExtinguishmentOfDebtFeeAmount" name="ExtinguishmentOfDebtFeeAmount" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfApprovedProducts" name="NumberOfApprovedProducts" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_UpfrontPayment" name="UpfrontPayment" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_CommonStockSalesAgreementSharesUnsoldAmount" name="CommonStockSalesAgreementSharesUnsoldAmount" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtCurrentNetOfNoncurrentDebtDiscount" name="LongTermDebtCurrentNetOfNoncurrentDebtDiscount" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ProbabilityOfOccurrenceCumulativeThroughEachMilestoneMember" name="ProbabilityOfOccurrenceCumulativeThroughEachMilestoneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_BusinessCombinationRecognizedIdentifiableAssetsAcquiredAndLiabilitiesAssumedCurrentLiabilitiesAccruedExpensesAndOtherCurrentLiabilities" name="BusinessCombinationRecognizedIdentifiableAssetsAcquiredAndLiabilitiesAssumedCurrentLiabilitiesAccruedExpensesAndOtherCurrentLiabilities" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_PfizerIncMember" name="PfizerIncMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_ClassOfWarrantsOrRightsWeightedAveragePriceTradingDays" name="ClassOfWarrantsOrRightsWeightedAveragePriceTradingDays" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NonCurrentInventoryAndOtherAssets" name="NonCurrentInventoryAndOtherAssets" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_CustomerOneMember" name="CustomerOneMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_FortyFiveDayPeriodAfterClosingOfFourthAmendmentToLoanAndSecurityAgreementMember" name="FortyFiveDayPeriodAfterClosingOfFourthAmendmentToLoanAndSecurityAgreementMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumMarketCapitalizationAmount" name="LongTermDebtAdditionalDrawnCovenantMinimumMarketCapitalizationAmount" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_NumberOfFinancialInstitutionsHoldingDeposits" name="NumberOfFinancialInstitutionsHoldingDeposits" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="axsm_SunosiAndAuvelityMember" name="SunosiAndAuvelityMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
</xsd:schema>
